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Freedom: Many laboratories have announced that vaccines against Covid-19 are in the home stretch before commercialization. What is the profile of the vaccine that corresponds to Algeria? Pr Kamel Djenouhat: By definition, the choice of a vaccine depends on several criteria, in particular on effectiveness, safety and finally on cost. Efficacy represents the vaccine’s ability to produce an immune response in terms of intensity, type of response, i. H. . e. Antibody and / or T lymphocytes and duration over time.

Let me explain this with a few examples: for the pertussis or diphtheria vaccine we need a vaccine that stimulates the production of antibodies, while for tuberculosis the vaccine needs to produce T-lymphocytes. Covid-19, the ideal vaccine, stimulates both types of immunity at the same time.

When it comes to vaccine safety, manufacturers wait for side effects to occur within 60 days of the last Phase III injection to explain their safety. Cost is also a crucial and determining factor for developing countries. Although, according to the health minister’s testimony, we are reassured about its takeover, regardless of its price.

We cite the example of Moderna, who wanted to sell their vaccine for $ 60 and which suddenly cut it to more than half after Pfizer announced its price of around $ 20 and AstraZeneca’s for just under $ 5. I think Chinese and Russian vaccines, or those made in India, will be a lot cheaper.

How do you declare a vaccine with a high effectiveness of 90% or more? The effectiveness of a vaccine is only declared after the three phases of the clinical study. This study concerns two population groups with the same characteristics. The first group will undergo studies based on the vaccine in question and the second group will not receive a vaccine but a placebo. It is then referred to as the control or placebo group.

At the end of the study, the effectiveness is calculated using the following formula: (1 number of patients in the vaccinated group / 2 number of patients in the placebo group) x 100. For the sake of simplicity, the effectiveness of a vaccine depends on a single variable, which is the ratio of the number of people vaccinated who develop the disease to the number of unvaccinated people who develop the disease.

What is the difference between the never used RNA vaccine and the DNA vaccine? Indeed, these two types of RNA or DNA nucleic acid based vaccines have never been used in human clinics, but their veterinary use does not date back to modern times. It should also be remembered that very advanced stages of clinical trials have been completed in the field of oncology and some infectious diseases in humans.

The purpose of the two types of vaccine is the same, i.e. to achieve the synthesis and production of viral proteins, the spike protein S for Sars-CoV-2 recognized by the immune system.

The main difference between the two vaccines is that the messenger RNA produces this protein in the cytoplasm;. H. . e. in the body of the cell without passing through the nucleus, while the DNA vaccine has to integrate the genome or the cell. Human DNA is then transcribed into messenger RNA to produce this viral protein at the cytoplasmic level. In my opinion, we should think about sparing DNA vaccines, which can have serious long-term side effects.

Can the logistics and storage conditions of the vaccine play a role in the choice of supplier? I suppose it will be impossible for us to acquire a vaccine that can be stored at -70 or -80 ° C like Pfizer’s. Moderna must be transported at -20 ° C and then kept in the refrigerator for a month. I don’t know who our health officials have been negotiating with, but I don’t think we will switch to vaccines that require delicate storage.

The profiles of infected patients differ. Wouldn’t it be more sensible to consider the possibility of plural vaccination, namely to purchase different types of vaccines according to the pathologies and comorbidities of the patients? What you should know about vaccination in general is that it is the same vaccine indicated for adults regardless of age, with the exception of the pediatric section where a dose reduction is required. It is true that the nature of the reaction differs from one subject to another, depending on certain parameters, including advanced age.

These older subjects respond less well to vaccines than younger subjects. This is the concept of immunosensitivity, that is, the immune response in the elderly. However, they still manage to develop a protective response. On the other hand, priorities need to be defined in relation to those who need to be vaccinated first, namely carers, the elderly, people with comorbidities and civil servants who are in contact with the population.

Then there are the patients who have been infected with Covid-19. From what day or how many weeks after infection you can be vaccinated. Ultimately, I assume that the pediatric population will be excluded from this program.

Freedom: Many laboratories have announced that vaccines against Covid-19 are in the home stretch before commercialization. What is the profile of the vaccine that corresponds to Algeria? Pr Kamel Djenouhat: By definition, the choice of a vaccine depends on several criteria, in particular on effectiveness, safety and finally on cost. Efficacy represents the vaccine’s ability to produce an immune response in terms of intensity, type of response, i. H. . e. Antibody and / or T lymphocytes and duration over time.

Let me explain this with a few examples: for the pertussis or diphtheria vaccine we need a vaccine that stimulates the production of antibodies, while for tuberculosis the vaccine needs to produce T-lymphocytes. Covid-19, the ideal vaccine, stimulates both types of immunity at the same time.

When it comes to vaccine safety, manufacturers wait for side effects to occur within 60 days of the last Phase III injection to explain their safety. Cost is also a crucial and determining factor for developing countries. Although, according to the health minister’s testimony, we are reassured about its takeover, regardless of its price.

We cite the example of Moderna, who wanted to sell their vaccine for $ 60 and which suddenly cut it to more than half after Pfizer announced its price of around $ 20 and AstraZeneca’s for just under $ 5. I think Chinese and Russian vaccines, or those made in India, will be a lot cheaper.

How do you declare a vaccine with a high effectiveness of 90% or more? The effectiveness of a vaccine is only declared after the three phases of the clinical study. This study concerns two population groups with the same characteristics. The first group will undergo studies based on the vaccine in question and the second group will not receive a vaccine but a placebo. It is then referred to as the control or placebo group.

At the end of the study, the effectiveness is calculated using the following formula: (1 number of patients in the vaccinated group / 2 number of patients in the placebo group) x 100. For the sake of simplicity, the effectiveness of a vaccine depends on a single variable, which is the ratio of the number of people vaccinated who develop the disease to the number of unvaccinated people who develop the disease.

What is the difference between the never used RNA vaccine and the DNA vaccine? Indeed, these two types of RNA or DNA nucleic acid based vaccines have never been used in human clinics, but their veterinary use does not date back to modern times. It should also be remembered that very advanced stages of clinical trials have been completed in the field of oncology and some infectious diseases in humans.

The purpose of the two types of vaccine is the same, i.e. to achieve the synthesis and production of viral proteins, the spike protein S for Sars-CoV-2 recognized by the immune system.

The main difference between the two vaccines is that the messenger RNA produces this protein in the cytoplasm;. H. . e. in the body of the cell without passing through the nucleus, while the DNA vaccine has to integrate the genome or the cell. Human DNA is then transcribed into messenger RNA to produce this viral protein at the cytoplasmic level. In my opinion, we should think about sparing DNA vaccines, which can have serious long-term side effects.

Can the logistics and storage conditions of the vaccine play a role in the choice of supplier? I suppose it will be impossible for us to acquire a vaccine that can be stored at -70 or -80 ° C like Pfizer’s. Moderna must be transported at -20 ° C and then kept in the refrigerator for a month. I don’t know who our health officials have been negotiating with, but I don’t think we will switch to vaccines that require delicate storage.

The profiles of infected patients differ. Wouldn’t it be more sensible to consider the possibility of plural vaccination, namely to purchase different types of vaccines according to the pathologies and comorbidities of the patients? What you should know about vaccination in general is that it is the same vaccine indicated for adults regardless of age, with the exception of the pediatric section where a dose reduction is required. It is true that the nature of the reaction differs from one subject to another, depending on certain parameters, including advanced age.

These older subjects respond less well to vaccines than younger subjects. This is the concept of immunosensitivity, that is, the immune response in the elderly. However, they still manage to develop a protective response. On the other hand, priorities need to be defined in relation to those who need to be vaccinated first, namely carers, the elderly, people with comorbidities and civil servants who are in contact with the population.

Then there are the patients who have been infected with Covid-19. From what day or how many weeks after infection you can be vaccinated. Ultimately, I assume that the pediatric population will be excluded from this program.

Vaccine, Moderna